The benefits of training bank officials in Ethiopia Dissertation

The advantages of preparing bank authorities in Ethiopia - Dissertation Example Studies on the financial part in Ethiopia uncover reliable discoveries that administration desires for clients don't coordinate apparent execution. Consequently, with the intend to suggest an appropriate procedure for a viable preparing program for bank representatives in Ethiopia, three targets were set in Chapter I. Every one of the three destinations have been accomplished through subjective optional investigation of information. A few advantages of preparing have been recognized which incorporate improvement of information and aptitudes, inspiration and maintenance of workers, transparent correspondence and advancement of theâ interpersonal relationship. Preparing can improve administration quality, spike development and effect profitability. Inadequacies among bank staff have been recognized through investigations led by different scientists in Ethiopian banks. These incorporate absence of delicate abilities among workers, absence of item explicit information and aptitudes. The degree of training of representatives is likewise not realized which could affect the result. In view of the inadequacies and the writing and hypotheses on preparing, factors that could contribute towards a powerful preparing program on Ethiopia have been assessed. These incorporate assessment of preparing needs which would need to be founded on hierarchical crucial objectives. What's more, preparing ought to be a progressing procedure and ought to be kept in-house, while constant observing and assessment of the preparation intercessions have additionally been seen as essential. (Donovan, Hannigan and Crowe, 2001).

Final Exam Essay Questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Last test of the year Questions - Essay Example For instance, a Dominican monk Montesinos reprimanded the Spanish experts in transit they abused their subjects, particularly the American Natives. This analysis incited the specialists to revise portions of the Laws id Burgos. When all is said in done, more analysis of the manner in which colonialists rewarded the locals caused the a resistance among the congregation heads, who took interests in requesting to be remembered for the state organization. The foundation of the first Catholic Church in Quite a while in 1521 saw the start of a congregation drove governments. This was later trailed by the appearance of Franciscan evangelists in Mexico, where they set up their quality through direct relationship with Catholic Church by building preacher schools and emergency clinics. In England, the congregation assumed basic job in foundation of the marriage laws, especially after Henry VIII revoked his marriage. This was after the standard Catholic Church was seen too unbending to even consider understanding the people’s needs and wants. For instance, the Catholic Church had attempted to force exacting socially acceptable sexual behaviors on conventional individuals (Sherman and Joyce 121). The Catholic Church became disagreeable, and Church of England began to offer a commendable other option. Despite the fact that they began with not many devotees, the Church of England became quicker than foreseen. In spite of the fact that there were expanded outcry about Catholic headed institutions’ proceeded with conventional methods of getting things done, they applied a ton of specialists over these organizations that spread the instruction of the majority and foundation of the first class society with profoundly taught society. Be that as it may, this impact has since wound down as the Catholic Church strived to declare its own personality away from state. This excursion began when Pope Pius XI began cutting connections with the Government of Italy (Sherman and Joyce 173). Today, the majority of the states

Walgreen Organizational Behavior free essay sample

Walgreens Walgreen’s was established in 1901, by Charles R. Walgreen Sr. , in the city of Chicago. When Walgreen’s was opened, there were at that point 1500 pharmacy’s contending in a similar market. He was resolved to succeed and by making certain medication things himself, Mr. Walgreen had the option to guarantee their high caliber, yet offer them at lower costs than practically identical product (Unknown, 2013). Today the association depends on that exceptionally old organization culture mirroring the vision of its author. The way of life of Walgreen’s depends on a typical arrangement of qualities and convictions shared by workers of the whole association. This regularly controls how individuals from an association collaborate with one another and individuals outwardly. Walgreen’s hierarchical culture depends on â€Å"The Four Way Test†, presented in the 1930’s by Charles Walgreen Jr, and dependent on the moral business standards gained from his dad. (Obscure, A Company Founded on Principles, 2013). We will compose a custom paper test on Walgreen Organizational Behavior or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The Four Way Test comprises of the accompanying inquiries: 1. Is it reality? 2. Is it reasonable for all concerned? 3. Will it construct altruism and better companionships? 4. Is it helpful to all concerned? The test can be found in each Walgreen’s store, and is the absolute first thing educated to every single new worker. Walgreens likewise has an organization doctrine which peruses: We trust in graciousness, in consideration, in liberality, in cheer, in companionship, and in legit rivalry (Walgreen, 2013). Hierarchical conduct depends in transit individuals inside an organization demonstration. Each organization has their own one of a kind culture that incorporates such things as qualities, morals, perspectives and theory. There are a wide range of investigations of gathering elements to attempt to comprehend why gatherings of individuals go about as they do. At Walgreen’s there is a solid culture showed by all representatives, starting from the ceo to the individual stocking the racks. All representatives must hold fast to a progression of organization arrangements that assists with characterizing the workplace and how to collaborate with individuals from outside the organization. Walgreen’s hierarchical conduct can in all likelihood be summarized with their statement of purpose: â€Å"Mission Statement Our Vision: To be â€Å"My Walgreens† for everybody in Americaâ€the first decision in wellbeing and day by day living †¦ claiming the vital region of â€Å"well. Our Mission: To be the most trusted, helpful multichannel supplier and counselor of inventive drug store, wellbeing and health arrangements, and buyer merchandise and ventures in networks across America. A goal where wellbeing and bliss meet up to assist individuals with recovering, remain well and live well. Our Values: Based on the standards where upon Walgreens was established over a century prior: Honesty, trust, and trustworthiness with our clients, our investors, providers, the networks we serve, and among ourselves. Quality through predictable and solid help, counsel, and items over each touchpoint and channel. Mindful, caring and headed to conveying an extraordinary client and patient experience through exceptional assistance and a craving for sound results. A solid network responsibility and nearness worked through assistance, skill, and the individual commitment of each Walgreen group member† (Unk, 2013). Walgreen’s is a differing organization. Actually, the current Walgreens CEO Greg Wasson is cited saying Diversity and consideration at Walgreens are more than business activities, they are a lifestyle, implanted somewhere down in our way of life (Wasson, 2013). Walgreen’s does all that it can to guarantee decent variety inside its positions. In the course of recent years, they have found a way to upgrade organization decent variety inside the organization and in the items offered available to be purchased in its stores. Any effective organization must include great correspondence inside its positions. They should keep up open lines of correspondence right from the top to the base. Inside Walgreen’s there is a chain of importance, implying that there is a governing body at the top, center directors, and afterward the senior supervisors. All together for the organization to be effective, each level must impart day by day. This is done either by email or phone and video meeting calling. These alternatives are significantly more financially savvy than attempting to accumulate every single concerned gathering for a physical gathering. The way of life inside Walgreen’s is set up to urge all workers to communicate with individual representatives and clients. Reference index Unk. (2013). Statement of purpose. Recovered 05 2013, from Walgreens. com: http://news. walgreens. com/article_display. cfm? article_id=1042 Unknown. (2013). A Company Founded on Principles. Recovered 05 2013, from walgreens. com: http://www. walgreens. com/subject/sr/four_way_test. jsp Unknown. (2013). Our Past. Recovered 04 2013, from walgreens. com: http://www. walgreens. com/advertising/about/history/hist2. html Walgreen, C. (2013). American National Business Hall of Fame. Recovered 04 2013, from anbhf. organization: http://www. anbhf. organization/laureates/cwalgreen. htm Wasson, G. (2013). Reflecting Diversity in Our Mission. Recovered 04 2013, from walgreens. com: http://webpickup. walgreens. com/theme/sr/sr_reflecting_diversity. jsp

Legal Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lawful Problem - Essay Example How might your answer vary if:- (an) Arnold presented that he realized the course so well that in his view he had dispensed with however much hazard as could be expected by his activities? (b) you were educated that Arnold was utilized by Great Northern Railways and that he had worked a 80 hour move that week? â€Å"(1) An individual who without legitimate reason annihilates or harms any property having a place with another proposing to pulverize or harm any such property or being crazy regarding whether any such property would be obliterated or harmed will be blameworthy of an offense. The shade that has been demolished by Bhopindar’s activity establishes certain measure of criminal risk on his part, as his activity incorporates the components of foolishness. The English Law has grouped into two sections, to be specific, Subjective Recklessness and Objective Recklessness. Wildness is additionally alluded to as Intention Acts, which is regularly depicted in lawful phrasing as â€Å"extreme remissness in regards to an undeniable deformity or problem.† (Stewart, Warner, Portman, 2008, p. 228) Now such demonstrations of â€Å"extreme carelessness†, as per jurisprudential sound, consolidates goal of a person to submit such act and such component of deliberate commission of wild act are indicated in legitimate wording as mens rea. Paul Bergman, Sara J. Berman, Sara J. Berman-Barrett clarifies mens rea as, â€Å"Mens rea is Latin for â€Å"guilty mind†. The mens rea idea communicates a conviction that individuals ought to be rebuffed †¦ j ust when they have acted with a plan or reason that makes them ethically blameworthy.† (Bergman, Berman, Berman-Barrett, 2008, p. 253) Comparing the circumstance of both Bhopindar and Arnold it isn't difficult to comprehend that in Arnold’s case nearness of mens rea is very express while it is obvious from Bhopindar’s activity that he was practically uninformed about the chance of occurring of such

Birth Control Essay examples -- Contraceptives, Birth Control Essays

Individuals have been having intercourse since the get-go; all things considered, how might we be here today on the off chance that they had not. However, there has likewise been the inescapable issue of how to oversee generation, generally, how to forestall undesirable pregnancies. This is a test, even today, during a time of mechanical headways, mass correspondence and instruction. Be that as it may, as the years progressed, the spread of data and mindfulness encompassing conception prevention has brought about its expanded accessibility and an improvement in the lives of the two people. Individuals are extremely cunning and keen and have, from the beginning of time, concocted an assortment of anti-conception medication techniques. The most punctual realized prophylactic originated from the Egyptian ladies of around 1500 B.C. They were thought to have made a suppository of crocodile fertilizer and nectar. The corrosiveness of the crocodile waste could, possibly, murder the sperm, and the tenacity of the nectar should prevent the sperm from entering the lady (Wikipedia 2). Different types of suppositories likewise were utilized, going from olive oil and nectar, to materials absorbed vinegar. Ladies additionally utilized an assortment of home grown abortifacients (which are utilized to incite fetus removal). They are â€Å"part of a society culture of home grown medication passed on among ladies for a huge number of years† (London 2). One case of an abortifacient is the antiquated French and German utilization of the foundation of worm plant. It was normally cal led the â€Å"prostitute root† by the French (London 2). Increasingly present day abortifacients incorporate turpentine, castor oil and smelling salts, to give some examples. Startlingly, the ingestion of limited quantities of toxic substance was another attempted strategy, including mercury and arsenic. A rundown of different extra, famous prophylactic techniques included â€Å"withdrawal ... ...being tested. Works Cited: 1) Gordon, Linda. Woman’s Body, Woman’s Right-A Social History of Birth Control in America. NY: Grossman Publishers, 1976. 2) London, Kathleen. Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. The History of Birth Control. 2004. http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/educational program/units/1982/6/82.06.03.x.html 3) Oyler, Julie M.D. The History of Birth Control. College of Chicago Hospitals. 18 March 2003. http://imr.bsd.uchicago.edu/boss/History%20of%20Medicine/Birth%20Control_files/v3_document.htm 4) â€Å"Birth Control.† Wikipedia. 2004 Wikipedia-the free reference book. 29 October 2004. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control> 5) â€Å"Birth Control.† Houghton Mifflin. 2004 A Reader’s Companion to American History http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_009600_birthcontrol.htm

Environmental Risk ..(( Tsunami)) Example

Environmental Risk ..(( Tsunami)) Example Environmental Risk ..(( Tsunami)) â€" Assignment Example > IntroductionTsunamis are series of waves that occur in large masses of water like the ocean and are characterised by a displacement of a substantial amount of the water (J. Fradin and D. Fradin, 2008 p. 1; Harvey 1971). This paper examines tsunamis as an environmental risk, and provides a logic tree of causes and effects of a tsunami. It also identifies the scientific approach for quantifying the pathways risks and weaknesses of these approaches, assesses the feasibility of controlling these risks, compares the likelihood and magnitude of these risks with that of other environment risks, and evaluates people’s perceptions on these risks. An environmental riskA tsunami is an environmental risk. This is because it can cause death to both human beings and other living things as well as destroy properties and infrastructure (Harvey 1971; Kajikawa 2009, p. 5). This destruction can further result in release and exposure of toxic substances that are harmful to the environment. Tsunamis also cause disturbances and imbalance of ecosystems (Dudley Lee 1998, p. 11), and destroy landscapes. The effects of a tsunami are also experienced in terms of indirect loss caused by it (Kajikawa 2009, p. 10). The structure of pathways between potential causes and consequences of a tsunamiFigure 1. a logic tree diagram for a tsunami representing the structure of pathways between potential sources of harm and possible consequencesScientific approaches for quantifying a selected sample of pathways on the logicFigure 2. a selected sample of pathways ( links) on the tsunami logic treeThe rectangles represents the nodes, while the arrows indicate the links. The following scientific approaches can be used to quantify the particular pathways: In A, geological seismography would be ideal in quantifying the seismic activities or earthquakes. This entaild the use of seismographic detection to identify the location and intensity of seismic waves, and using geological knowledge to interpret the significance of the waves. In B, geological subsurface mapping and geological survey methods would be useful in quantifying risks associated with large water bodies. This would include use of field-based geophysical methods such as seismic surveys, electrical-resistivity tomography, and ground-penetrating radar. In C, both laboratory and field experiments on geophysical fluid dynamics would be useful in quantification of the risks linked to water displacement of large water bodies. In D and E, marine physics or physical oceanography method would be ideal in quantification of risks associated with both negative and actual wave travel to the coastline. F could be assessed through marine engineering, while G could be quantified through damage assessment case studies. Damage assessment includes estimation of destroyed properties and infrastructure. In H, containment engineering methods could be applied in quantification of the spread toxic waste resulting from a tsunami. In I, tox icology would be useful in risks quantification of this pathway. In J and K, statistics of disaster-based accident would be useful in their quantification. Weaknesses in available scientific knowledge for quantifying the selected pathwaysThe use of geology and seismography knowledge in quantification of earthquakes has some weaknesses. Even though it is possible to detect seismic waves of importance, it is not easy to accurately link these waves to imminence of a tsunami. This is because much of geological information such as structural composition of the earth is derived from samples (Reddi Inyang 2000, p. 68), and prediction using this method provides generalized information. Therefore, this knowledge is only able to provide estimates. Similarly, use of samples in geological subsurface mapping and geological survey methods provide estimated data. The weaknesses in marine physics or physical oceanography, marine engineering, and accident statistics, also, rely on sample data and estimation. More to the weaknesses of these knowledge is use of assumptions in some instances.

Successful Global Marketing Essay - 275 Words

Successful Global Marketing (Essay Sample) Content: Global MarketingThe move towards globalising business has been attributed to the political, technological, social and economic changes all across the world during the 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s and 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s. With the fall of the Berlin wall and disintegration of Russia into Bolshevik states, the world became heavily dependent and unipolar upon the acceptance of United States as the superpower. In the post cold war era, the Americans started extending their help to the eastern European countries with products and consumable goods that laid the foundation of Global marketing (Chang Chieng, 2006) (DeMooji, 2010).With the end of GATT negotiations in Uruguay summit in 1990, the world market opened for various products and services which witnessed substantial reduction of global tariffs and import duties. The technological change that spurted Global marketing was the revolutionary change in communication modes through satellite operations. With various Asian countries, due t o its intellectual power and westernised philosophies the client market started to develop for westernised brands (Chang Chieng, 2006)(DeMooji, 2010).The implications of Global marketing that have been witnessed are: 1 Economies of scale up production and marketing that resulted in increased consumerism as customers are offered various products at lower prices. 2 Improved quality and standardization of a particular product worldwide, ensuring uniformity of benefits to each customer anywhere in the world. 3 Availability and offerings of new products and services, at affordable prices and sustained production assurance (Chang Chieng, 2006)(DeMooji, 2010).The principal driving force in Global Marketing is the way the customers and economies are reaching out to cost reducing global firms. Understanding global customer and competition is the challenging step towards successful global marketing. Hence understanding the needs, philosophies and diversity of global customer base, the produ cts and services of a company should be offered in a compatible way. The company image is another factor that should be borne, in driving global sales. The brand building is secondary to such image as because the company image is strongly linked to success or failure of a brand (Chang Chieng, 2006)(DeMooji, 2010).There are certain product decisions and strategy options that ensure the success of global marketing. For developing a product global marketing relies on the concept of u...

Swot Analysis And Personality Type Testing - 894 Words

Self-Evaluation When first presented with the task of performing a self-evaluation most people do not know where to begin. There is a fine line between saying too much or overestimating abilities and not saying enough, both of which can present a false picture of who the individual is and what their true abilities are. A well-done self-evaluation is the opportunity to highlight strengths and abilities, take stock of weaknesses, and evaluate how you can reach personal goals. Methodology In order to determine how my personality and abilities are related to my degree path, I began with two different types of evaluations; a personal SWOT Analysis and a personality type assessment based on Myers Briggs Personality Test methodology. Results of the SWOT analysis and personality type testing were then compared and contrasted, developing a more in-depth understanding of personality traits, strengths and weaknesses, and their interrelation to the field of study / career path. SWOT Analysis The SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis is a tool used in business to identify and capitalize on strengths, while pointing out where there are areas of weakness and actual or potential threats. The SWOT analysis also provides a very useful framework for individuals to evaluate and identify their best assets, problematic weaknesses, identify opportunities, especially those that align with individual strengths, and help the individual to become aware of any threatsShow MoreRelatedFashion Marketing1282 Words   |  6 Pageswith Topman having been created in the late 1970s to cater for male customers. The business has also expanded into the online fashion retail arena. (wikipedia.org/wiki/Topshop) Type of market they opperate in is defined as the Fashion market. Topshops typical consumer will be the middle class as you can relate to the type of products they sell and the price of sale. They fashion itself is unique as it varies. The purpose for segmenting a market is to allow your marketing/sales program to focusRead MoreSituation of Hoi Tin Tong Essay1054 Words   |  5 PagesWong Hoi Mei S128495 BJC4213-L02 Case Study 1-Hoi Tin Tong Situation analysis Hoi Tin Tong (HTT) was established in 1990 in Hong Kong. It has over 80 chains retail stores in Asia market. This shows that it has distinctive market share and strong market brand name in its target market. HTT offers different varieties of products like Herbal drink Series, Chinese Herbal Series, Cooking Sauce Series, and Chinese Herbal Gummy Series and sold through stores, supermarkets, schools, etc. However, compareRead MorePossible Topics for Marketing Paper1682 Words   |  7 Pagesmanagement skills | | | | | | These are some examples that can be used for a marketing paper of â€Å"Introduction to Marketing† class: * Marketing Mix * Motivation as a marketing strategy * Advertisement Campaigns * Promotion * SWOT analysis * Directing and Controlling * Marketing Management * Marketing Project Please, remember that these topics for a marketing paper should cover some ideas or information from the marketing course. Bad Topics for Marketing Paper As any otherRead MoreRio Tinto Innovation Has Developed A Suite Of Technology Solutions Under The Rapid Underground Mine Construction Program2810 Words   |  12 PagesPROLOGUE Over the past years, Rio Tinto Innovation has developed a suite of technology solutions under the Rapid Underground Mine Construction Program. One of the major components of this strategy is the technology associated with the testing and verification and ultimately deployment of Underground Crusher Technology. The Copper Group has predicted that by 2025, fifty percent of copper production will come from large tonnage underground block cave mines. In preparation for the transition fromRead MoreEssay on Lush Cosmetics3726 Words   |  15 Pagesdeals how LUSH is making their products with sustainability and what marketing strategy they are following. We will discuss about marketing mix of LUSH, How they are doing ethical business and their position in competitive market. We will also do SWOT analysis and LUSH position mapping with other brands. This report also concentrates how LUSH can improve its marketing strategy. Keywords: Organic, Cosmetic, Sustainability, Product Portfolio, Marketing mix, Customer, Social Media, Competitive. TABLERead MoreEssay about HND Unit 4 Marketing Principles Assignment4160 Words   |  17 Pagesfour steps: 1. Analyze the company situation 2. Develop a marketing strategy 3. Make decisions in terms of marketing mix 4. And how to implement and control the marketing strategy. Examples of Apple Inc. marketing process: -Apple is using SWOT and PEST models to analyze the company situation. -Apple is targeting more the middle upper income professionals. -Apple builds up anticipation before launching a product. -Apple included a customer service phone number in the iPhone phone bookRead MoreNivea Case Study Essay11791 Words   |  48 PagesIntegrated Case study AN ANALYSIS OF THE CASE: BEIERSDORF AG: EXPANDING NIVEA’S GLOBAL REACH Sasipim Viriyajaroen STUDENT ID: C0346RCRC1013 Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Masters’ degree to the London School of Commerce, for the degree of Master in Business Administration (MBA) Supervisor: Dr K V Shenai September 2014 ICS: BEIERSDORF AG: EXPANDING NIVEA’S GLOBAL REACH Contents Read MoreMarketing Plan on Single Product3510 Words   |  15 PagesMarket Segment | 2-3 | | Market Needs | 3 | | SWOT Analysis | 4 | | Competition | 5 | | Marketing Strategy | 5 | | Positioning | 5 | | Marketing Mix Strategy: PRODUCT | 6 | | Marketing Mix Strategy: PRICE | 6 | | Marketing Mix Strategy: PLACE | 6 | | Marketing Mix Strategy: PROMOTION | 7 | | Marketing Research: | 8 | | Financial Projections | 8 | | Expenses Forecast: | 8 | | Sales Forecast: | 9 | | Break-even Analysis: | 10 | | Implementation Control | 10 | | ConclusionRead MoreBody Shop Analysis3505 Words   |  15 PagesCase Study Analysis Executive Summary The Body Shop is in the business since 1976. At that time, it was just a concept by the Anita Roddick which clicked and made her a millionaire. The concept was supported by the tag of natural resources and it has helped the company is placing the brand positioning at the right place. The purpose of this report is to analyze how the Body Shop started and how the concept of one lady is transformed into a millionaire company. A detailed brand analysis is beingRead MoreStrategic Planning : Kia Motors Corporation3217 Words   |  13 Pagesrecognition, using slogans for the same, competitive pricings, sponsorship events, etc. Marketing Audit Strategy in this case would to be on analyzing regions for customer preferences, performing PESTLE analysis for determining market forces affecting the business, performing internal resource analysis, analysing competitors standing in the market and business tactics, etc. Plan to implement this strategy would be to review data from surveys, review data-mining reports, performing surprise internal

The US Criminal Justice System Racial Profiling Free Essay Example, 1500 words

This study showed that the Hispanic and Black individuals were more at the risk of being violently treated. More black Americans admitted to being guilty of crimes they did not commit. From this information, it is crystal clear that racial profiling is very prevalent at early stages of the criminal judicial system. Moreover, the same is prevalent on the trial process. This is due to the fact that the public prosecutor has the right to deny a case from going to trial and hence end the prosecution process. However, the discretion has been vastly practiced on the basis of racism. The public prosecutors tend to favor the white Americans and in most of the cases, a decision is made on the foundation that the seriousness of the case is wanting and not enough to warrant a trial. This, therefore, stipulates that most of the crimes are committed by the minority groups, the Blacks and Hispanics. The sentencing process is another important aspect that is abused by the criminal justice system b ecause racial discrimination is evident in the process. However, even though the legal procedures established and enforced by the police department to make sure that the punishment is given reflects the offense committed, there exists a substantial amount of leniency applicable to the sentence that is to be given. We will write a custom essay sample on The US Criminal Justice System: Racial Profiling or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The state of New York criminal justice division carried out a study on the verdicts given. It revealed that the Whites were given shorter sentences for similar crimes committed in respect to the crime circumstances. On the other hand, the study portrayed that only one-third of the black minorities received shorter sentences for similar crimes as compared to the whites. Therefore, the study concluded that the black people were sentenced to imprisonment more as compared to the whites who committed similar crimes. The investigation of why the minority races are discriminated against in the criminal justice is significant. This is because there exist social attributes which are believed to be the cause of criminal activities.

How to Use the French Preposition Chez

Anyone who has eaten at a French  restaurant  is familiar with the  French preposition  chez  since its often used with the name of the chef, as in  Chez Laura.  It is loosely translated as  at or in the  home or business place  of and can be used in a number of circumstances, including location or state of mind, as well as in common idiomatic expressions. This phrase has even crept into English, where its frequently used in restaurant names such as the iconic Chez Panisse in Berkeley, Calif. Uses and Examples Chez  is most commonly used to refer to a home or business, but it can also be employed to characterize someone or something or as part of an expression. For example:      chez mon oncle   at / to my uncles house  Ã‚  Ã‚  chez moi   at home, at / to my house  Ã‚  Ã‚  Carole est chez elle.   Carole is at home.      chez le mà ©decin   at / to the doctors (office)     chez lavocat   at / to the lawyers office      chez le boucher   at / to the butcher shop  Ã‚  Ã‚  chez le coiffeur   at / to the barbershop, hairdresser     une robe de chez Dior  Ã‚  Ã‚  a Dior dress,  a dress designed by Dior     (une coutume) chez les Franà §ais (a custom) among the French  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest typique chez les politiciens.  Its typical of politicans.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒâ€¡a se trouve souvent chez les vaches.  You often find that among cows.     chez les Grecs   in  ancient Greece / among the ancient Greeks     chez la femme in women / among women      Chez lui, cest une habitude   Its a habit with him.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest bizarre chez un enfant.   Thats strange for a child.      chez Molià ¨re   in Molià ¨res work / writing     chez Van Gogh   in Van Goghs art       chacun chez soi     everyone should look to his own affairs      cest une coutume  / un accent bien de chez nous  Ã‚  its a typical local custom/accent  Ã‚     Ã‚  chez-soi at home     Ã‚  fais comme chez toi   make yourself at home     Ã‚  In an address:  chez M. Durand  Ã‚  care of Mr.  Durand  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  elle la raccompagnà © chez lui  Ãƒ   pied   she walked him home        elle la raccompagnà © chez lui en voiture she gave him a lift / a ride home     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     rentrer chez soi  / rester chez soi to go home / to stay at home

Is Collaborative Learning Improve The Academic Performance...

What (do you intend to do?) I intend to research whether the concept of collaborative learning will promote learning and progress with SEN students, and whether the social interaction of learners will encourage cognitive development in special needs students to reach higher levels of thought than they would independently. I intend to focus and examine the following questions: 1. Does collaborative learning improve the classroom experience for SEN students? 2. Does collaborative learning improve the academic performance for SEN students? 3. How do SEN students perceive the value of social interaction on their learning? ‘Collaborative learning is an educational approach to teaching and learning that involves groups of learners working together to solve a problem, complete a task, or create a product. Collaborative learning is based on the idea that learning is a naturally social act in which the participants talk among themselves. It is through the talk that learning occurs.’ Collaborative learning allows learners to be actively involved and engaged in their own learning, rather than expected to simply absorb knowledge from being lectured by a teacher. The grouping of SEN learners with other learners in theory should encourage cognitive development, promote critical thinking and create increased interest. The shared learning and social interaction will give the SEN learners the opportunity to actively engage in discussions, to exchange ideas and converse with otherShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Career Counseling And The Effect Of Ethnic Discrimination Are Mutually Exclusive Events?891 Words   |  4 Pagesevents. There are a number of shared problems associated with the counseling of students who have learning disabilities, including the lack of training of the counselors, inappropriate policies, and the negative attitude of stockholders towards the counseling programs. Lan argues and Levinson Palmer are prone towards the fact that the problems of th e SEN students are different from that of general education students. Therefore, the approaches for both must be different. All of these perspectivesRead MoreTitle: What does personalised learning mean in practice? Analyse the learning needs of EAL pupils, and those of SEN pupils.6874 Words   |  28 Pagespersonalised learning mean in practice? Analyse the learning needs of EAL pupils, and those of SEN pupils. Discuss how the needs you identify can be met most effectively in subject teaching. Within this context over the past ten years’ the term ‘personalised learning’ gained political capital and could be considered as a defining feature of the UK’s educational system. (Miliband 2004) Personalised learning – theory and practice The Sussex report states personalised learning is ‘characterisedRead MoreHistory of Chinese Students Studying Abroad or in the U.S.2835 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction: history of Chinese students studying abroad in U.S. The history of Chinese students studying in American universities dates back to the mid-1850s, when the first student, Yung Wing, graduated from Yale University in 1854 (Bartlett and Fischer Para. 8). After that. Qin Dynasty starts sending Chinese students to learned new sciences and technologies and we called â€Å"Westernization Movement†. The educational missions to the US were organized in the 1870s to train specialists who would createRead MoreEnglish as an Additional Language Essay3350 Words   |  14 PagesSupport 11 A Supportive Classroom Environment 11 The Teacher’s Role in Supporting EAL Learners 12 English as an Additional Language (EAL) TEACHING STUDIES ASSIGNMENT: Introduction â€Å"Effective adaptation of learning and teaching strategies and careful consideration of learning needs are essential to maximise EAL learners’ inclusion in classroom activities†. This report will examine this statement in relation to Design amp; Technology classrooms in the secondary school. What are Schools’Read MoreOppositional Defiant Disorder Case Studycase Study4246 Words   |  17 PagesChildren with special educational needs (SEN) are poor attendees, the EWB investigate the causes and implement ways to improve the learning environment for everyone involved. The Equal Status Act 2000 promotes equality for anyone legally entitled to education and obliges providers to do all that is reasonable to accommodate the needs of persons with a disability. It prohibits discrimination on nine different grounds, disability being one of them. People with SEN are entitled to attend any course theyRead MoreOppositional Defiant Disorder Case Studycase Study4258 Words   |  18 PagesChildren with special educational needs (SEN) are poor attendees, the EWB investigate the causes and implement ways to improve the learning environment for everyone involved. The Equal Status Act 2000 promotes equality for anyone legally entitled to education and obliges providers to do all that is reasonable to accommodate the needs of persons with a disability. It prohibits discrimination on nine different grounds, disability being one of them. 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Women’s Rights Movement Free Essays

The Women’s Rights Movement Women’s Suffrage is a subject that could easily be considered a black mark on the history of the United States. The entire history of the right for women to vote takes many twists and turns but eventually turned out alright. This paper will take a look at some of these twists and turns along with some of the major figures involved in the  suffrage  movement. We will write a custom essay sample on Women’s Rights Movement or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first recorded instance in American history where a woman demanded the right to vote was in 1647. Margaret Brent, a property owner in Maryland wanted two votes in the newly formed colonial assembly to represent her vote and the vote of Lord Baltimore whom she held power-of-attorney. (Pleck, 2007) The governor eventually turned down her demands. The 1790 constitution of New Jersey allowed women property owners the right to vote through a loophole that stated that â€Å"all inhabitants† that met property and residence requirements could vote. This loophole was closed in 1807 by a state legislator that had almost lost an election due to a women’s voting bloc. Other than these isolated incidents the first organized women’s  suffrage movement  can be traced back to the mid 1800’s with the  Seneca Falls  Convention. The organized movement started at Seneca Falls, NY with a meeting called by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. (National Women’s History Museum, 2007) Both women received their start in the women’s suffrage movement by being active in the abolitionist movement. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was an important element of the Women’s Rights Movement, but not many people know of her significance or contributions because she has been overshadowed by her longtime associate and friend, Susan B. Anthony. However, I feel that she was a woman of great importance who was the driving force behind the 1848 Convention, played a leadership role in the women’s rights movement for the next fifty years, and in the words of Henry Thomas, â€Å"She was the architect and author of the movement’s most important strategies ad documents. † Elizabeth Cady Stanton was born in 1815 into an affluent family in Johnstown, New York. Now, while Stanton was growing up, she tried to imitate her brother’s academic achievements due to the fact that her parents, Daniel and Mary Livingston Cady, preferred their sons to their daughters. In trying to copy her male siblings, she got an extraordinary education: she went to Johnstown Academy and studied Greek and mathematics; she learned how to ride and manage a horse; she became a skilled debater; and she attended the Troy Female Seminary in New York (one of the first women ‘s academies to offer an advanced education equal to that of male academies) where she studies logic, physiology, and natural rights philosophy. However, it wasn’t her education, but watching her father, who was a judge and lawyer, handle his cases, that cause her to become involved in various women rights movements. Stanton and Mott attended the World’s Anti-Slavery Convention in London in 1840 and were refused seating for being women. After this incident the two women started seeing a connection between the plight of slaves and the treatment of women in the United States. The women’s movement took a back seat to the slavery movement during the American Civil War as the women turned their attention to working through the war. However, after the war was over the women’s movement thought they were in a good position to win some key battles due to their war work and the attention being paid to equal rights at the time. This was not to be so as the Republicans in power believed that women’s suffrage would hurt their chances to push forth rights for freed slaves because of the widespread unpopularity of women’s rights. (National Women’s History Museum, 2007)   After the war the women’s movement split into rival factions with Stanton and Susan B. Anthony forming the National Woman’s Suffrage Association and Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe forming the American Woman’s Suffrage Association. The NWSA did not support the passing of the 15th amendment because the amendment did not address the giving of equal rights to women as well as blacks and fought against the passing of the amendment as a result. The AWSA supported the 15th amendment and wanted to fight for women’s rights in the states separately. Pleck, 2007) The two movements eventually reunited in 1890 to become the National American Woman Suffrage Association led by Susan B. Anthony until 1900 when Carrie Chapman Catt took over. Catt was integral in the strategy to work for women’s suffrage on both the federal and state level upon her re-election to president of the NAWSA in 1915 which led to another faction split between the NAWSA and a group led by Alice Paul who believed that the major push of the fight needed to be focused at the federal lev el. About. com, 2007)   Finally all the hard work of the women’s movement paid off in the summer of 1920 with the ratification of the 19th amendment. This was not an easily won victory however. Congress first took up the issue in 1915 but the bill lost in the voting and was shelved for almost three years. (â€Å"Women’s Suffrage,† 2007) On the eve of the vote President Wilson made a widely publicized appeal for the passage of the bill and this time the bill barely passed with the need two-thirds majority. However, the bill failed to gain the necessary votes to pass the Senate even with another of President Wilson’s appeals for the passage of the bill. The bill would be voted down twice over the following year before finally gaining enough votes to pass due to Congress’ interest in having the issue solved prior to the presidential elections slated for 1920 and on June 4, 1919 the Senate voted to pass the bill to add the amendment to the constitution securing women’s rights. The effects of the 19th amendment on the United States can be seen everywhere. More women now hold public office and the United States even has a woman running for the Democratic nomination for president. The women’s voting block is one politicians cannot forget about and still have hopes of being successful. The ability of women to vote, even though sparsely used until the 1980s, changed how companies did business and what legislation was passed for respect of the potential voting power of women. More women friendly policies exist, both in the workplace and in general life, which can be attributed to the hard work of the pioneers in the women’s movement. Knowing that men controlled the ability of women to vote and that a way of life would be drastically changed makes the gains of women to vote even more amazing. I can stand back now and admire the bravery of the women who fought for what was and is rightfully theirs and for the bravery of the men to do the right thing by allowing women equal rights. You can just reflect about today’s life and affairs to see that the shift from legal rights to suffrage was successful. Our public offices consist of many great female leaders, and the future for America is brighter with collaboration of men and women alike. The efforts of Alice Paul and Lucy Burns were indeed not in vain as they rallied up people to protest in unison and the results are evidenced by the American political structure today. References About. Com. (2007). Women’s History: about Carrie Chapman Catt. Retrieved November 25, 2007, from About. com Web Site: http://womenshistory. about. com/library/bio/blbio_catt_carrie_chapman. htm National Women’s History Museum. (2007). Women’s Suffrage exhibition. Retrieved November 25, 2007, from National Women’s History Museum Web Site: http://www. nwhm. org/exhibits/tour_02-02d. html Pleck, E. (2007). Women’s Suffrage. Retrieved November 24, 2007, from Scholastic Web Site: http://teacher. scholastic. com/activities/suffrage/history. htm Women’s Suffrage. (2007, November 26). In Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved November 26, 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_women’s_suffrage_in_the_United_States How to cite Women’s Rights Movement, Essay examples

Women’s Rights Movement Free Essays

The Women’s Rights Movement Women’s Suffrage is a subject that could easily be considered a black mark on the history of the United States. The entire history of the right for women to vote takes many twists and turns but eventually turned out alright. This paper will take a look at some of these twists and turns along with some of the major figures involved in the  suffrage  movement. We will write a custom essay sample on Women’s Rights Movement or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first recorded instance in American history where a woman demanded the right to vote was in 1647. Margaret Brent, a property owner in Maryland wanted two votes in the newly formed colonial assembly to represent her vote and the vote of Lord Baltimore whom she held power-of-attorney. (Pleck, 2007) The governor eventually turned down her demands. The 1790 constitution of New Jersey allowed women property owners the right to vote through a loophole that stated that â€Å"all inhabitants† that met property and residence requirements could vote. This loophole was closed in 1807 by a state legislator that had almost lost an election due to a women’s voting bloc. Other than these isolated incidents the first organized women’s  suffrage movement  can be traced back to the mid 1800’s with the  Seneca Falls  Convention. The organized movement started at Seneca Falls, NY with a meeting called by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. (National Women’s History Museum, 2007) Both women received their start in the women’s suffrage movement by being active in the abolitionist movement. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was an important element of the Women’s Rights Movement, but not many people know of her significance or contributions because she has been overshadowed by her longtime associate and friend, Susan B. Anthony. However, I feel that she was a woman of great importance who was the driving force behind the 1848 Convention, played a leadership role in the women’s rights movement for the next fifty years, and in the words of Henry Thomas, â€Å"She was the architect and author of the movement’s most important strategies ad documents. † Elizabeth Cady Stanton was born in 1815 into an affluent family in Johnstown, New York. Now, while Stanton was growing up, she tried to imitate her brother’s academic achievements due to the fact that her parents, Daniel and Mary Livingston Cady, preferred their sons to their daughters. In trying to copy her male siblings, she got an extraordinary education: she went to Johnstown Academy and studied Greek and mathematics; she learned how to ride and manage a horse; she became a skilled debater; and she attended the Troy Female Seminary in New York (one of the first women ‘s academies to offer an advanced education equal to that of male academies) where she studies logic, physiology, and natural rights philosophy. However, it wasn’t her education, but watching her father, who was a judge and lawyer, handle his cases, that cause her to become involved in various women rights movements. Stanton and Mott attended the World’s Anti-Slavery Convention in London in 1840 and were refused seating for being women. After this incident the two women started seeing a connection between the plight of slaves and the treatment of women in the United States. The women’s movement took a back seat to the slavery movement during the American Civil War as the women turned their attention to working through the war. However, after the war was over the women’s movement thought they were in a good position to win some key battles due to their war work and the attention being paid to equal rights at the time. This was not to be so as the Republicans in power believed that women’s suffrage would hurt their chances to push forth rights for freed slaves because of the widespread unpopularity of women’s rights. (National Women’s History Museum, 2007)   After the war the women’s movement split into rival factions with Stanton and Susan B. Anthony forming the National Woman’s Suffrage Association and Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe forming the American Woman’s Suffrage Association. The NWSA did not support the passing of the 15th amendment because the amendment did not address the giving of equal rights to women as well as blacks and fought against the passing of the amendment as a result. The AWSA supported the 15th amendment and wanted to fight for women’s rights in the states separately. Pleck, 2007) The two movements eventually reunited in 1890 to become the National American Woman Suffrage Association led by Susan B. Anthony until 1900 when Carrie Chapman Catt took over. Catt was integral in the strategy to work for women’s suffrage on both the federal and state level upon her re-election to president of the NAWSA in 1915 which led to another faction split between the NAWSA and a group led by Alice Paul who believed that the major push of the fight needed to be focused at the federal lev el. About. com, 2007)   Finally all the hard work of the women’s movement paid off in the summer of 1920 with the ratification of the 19th amendment. This was not an easily won victory however. Congress first took up the issue in 1915 but the bill lost in the voting and was shelved for almost three years. (â€Å"Women’s Suffrage,† 2007) On the eve of the vote President Wilson made a widely publicized appeal for the passage of the bill and this time the bill barely passed with the need two-thirds majority. However, the bill failed to gain the necessary votes to pass the Senate even with another of President Wilson’s appeals for the passage of the bill. The bill would be voted down twice over the following year before finally gaining enough votes to pass due to Congress’ interest in having the issue solved prior to the presidential elections slated for 1920 and on June 4, 1919 the Senate voted to pass the bill to add the amendment to the constitution securing women’s rights. The effects of the 19th amendment on the United States can be seen everywhere. More women now hold public office and the United States even has a woman running for the Democratic nomination for president. The women’s voting block is one politicians cannot forget about and still have hopes of being successful. The ability of women to vote, even though sparsely used until the 1980s, changed how companies did business and what legislation was passed for respect of the potential voting power of women. More women friendly policies exist, both in the workplace and in general life, which can be attributed to the hard work of the pioneers in the women’s movement. Knowing that men controlled the ability of women to vote and that a way of life would be drastically changed makes the gains of women to vote even more amazing. I can stand back now and admire the bravery of the women who fought for what was and is rightfully theirs and for the bravery of the men to do the right thing by allowing women equal rights. You can just reflect about today’s life and affairs to see that the shift from legal rights to suffrage was successful. Our public offices consist of many great female leaders, and the future for America is brighter with collaboration of men and women alike. The efforts of Alice Paul and Lucy Burns were indeed not in vain as they rallied up people to protest in unison and the results are evidenced by the American political structure today. References About. Com. (2007). Women’s History: about Carrie Chapman Catt. Retrieved November 25, 2007, from About. com Web Site: http://womenshistory. about. com/library/bio/blbio_catt_carrie_chapman. htm National Women’s History Museum. (2007). Women’s Suffrage exhibition. Retrieved November 25, 2007, from National Women’s History Museum Web Site: http://www. nwhm. org/exhibits/tour_02-02d. html Pleck, E. (2007). Women’s Suffrage. Retrieved November 24, 2007, from Scholastic Web Site: http://teacher. scholastic. com/activities/suffrage/history. htm Women’s Suffrage. (2007, November 26). In Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved November 26, 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_women’s_suffrage_in_the_United_States How to cite Women’s Rights Movement, Essay examples

Sources for Future Reconstruction in Syria-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Sources for Future Reconstruction in Syria. Answer: Introduction The continuous period of merciless civil war has left the country in ruins with its adverse and gruesome outcome. The schools, medical and other infrastructures are the most targeted in bombing campaigns, thus, causing a decline in economic output by 60 percent as compared to 2010. The physical destruction of the country has a social impact as migration and displacement of millions of people have drastically devastated the social fabric of the country, giving rise to religious and ethnic intolerance and violence in the country. Such devastating conditions makes reconstruction phase of the country more challenging and intricate in future post-war efforts (Devarajan and Mottaghi 2016). Under such circumstances, it becomes important to recognize allies that are not only politically willing but also are also practically capable of aiding the country with substantial financial resources. However, besides aiding the country with financial resources, it is equally important to reach political compromise to end the conflict in a manner that guarantees a satisfactory political stability in the end as stability is the pre-requisite to devise any re-construction plan (Harrowell 2016). This paper analyzes the international frameworks that act as sources for reconstructing the nation and its impact of such international assistance on the nationals of the country. It further highlights the challenges that may impede the reconstruction of Syria post-war and the possibilities to overcome certain challenges. Sources of Reconstruction: Countries as sources of reconstruction in Syria The seven-year conflict in Syria remains to be unresolved resulting in displacement of millions of Syrians outside the border of the nation, often in refugee camps while war is continued all over the country. There are 6.5 million people who have been presently displaced within the country and more than 5 million have fled to seek refuge in other countries. The infrastructure of the country has been destroyed with an approximate cost to Syria of $226bn. However, there is an international belief that President Bashar al-Assad and its allies shall achieve victory over the conflict and initiate rebuilding of the nation. Russia, Turkey, US, Iran, EU and China has played significant part in the Syrian conflict (Estrada, Khan and Park 2017). The following list provides information concerning the countries planning to aid Syria in its reconstruction process and gives details about their initiatives and plans for future of Syria. Role of the European Union In a conference held in Brussels, European Union Foreign affairs head Federica Mogherini announced the proposals relating to Syria reconstruction plan that includes planning ranging from organizing elections to demining. The EU head announced that the EU should attempt to encourage parties in Syria to undergo necessary compromises (Howorth 2014). . The foreign policy of EU has obligated the nation to play a significant role in the post-war phase of the country to avert the errors committed during reconstruction if Iraq and Libya when the nations were left to act as per their own planning which resulted in devastating outcomes. The EU head further declared that EU is ready to initiate measures as soon as there is a genuine political transition from the rule of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad in progress (Abuzayan, Whyte and Bell 2015). The conference held in Brussels can be perceived as an opportunity for the parties to coordinate their efforts to end the conflict and assist the nation in its reconstruction. Mogherini pointed out the significance of obtaining support of regional nations onside such as Saudi Arabia, which stands in opposition to Assad, Iran, which supports the President in rejecting the demand for him to step down (Crawley and Skleparis 2018). The EU head announced that among the small steps that EU could undertake to reconstruct Syria includes colleting fund to support the re-building expenses including assistance provided to the country in the form of monitoring, security and demining the conflict in the nation. Further, she announced that the EU has already assembled approximately 9.4 million where a significant amount having been spent on humanitarian missions within Syria. The EU also may assist the country to restore its basic services like health, education and water to exhibit that it is advantageous to end the war and maintain peace. The EU may also assist Syria in drafting a new Constitution and develop election organizations with the assistance of election management and the EU electoral observation mission. In order to bring an end to the ongoing conflict in Syria, which cost around 320000 lives and displaced millions since 2011 during the Assad protests that turned into civil war, the Union has consistently provided support to the attempts made by the UN to resolve the conflict (Asseburg and Oweis 2017). The future of Assad is the main determinant to decide the reconstruction of the nation post-war. While several rebel-groups supported by Turkey and United States have demanded Assad to step down in a settlement, Russia being a long-time ally to Syria has supported as well as aided the nation in terms of military to fight against such rebel groups. The rationale behind EUs ambitious plan to aid Syria in its reconstruction process is that it perceives the reconstruction as a dividend for peace that would encourage the parties in Syria to make indispensable compromises. Role of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia expressed willingness to play fundamental role in the reconstruction efforts of Syria under the appropriate conditions, referring to the condition of anonymity. King Salman informed Vladimir Putin, the Russian President about its disapproval of investing funds that was required to serve Iran and its militias owing to the presence of the countries in the war-zone country. Syria lacks two essential elements like lack of natural resources and high tariffs. The oil reserve of the country has been declining due to depleting reserves amounting to only 0.2 percent of global production. Due to high tariffs, Syrian products have become less competitive compared to imports from nations with which Syria has free trade agreements (Buchanan 2015). Saudi Arabia is willing to assist in reconstructing Syria and shall engage in any related planning only when the Syrian people would come to a political solution without resorting to any political intrusion. King Salman of Saudi Arabia also contended that Iran must cease interfering with the internal affairs of the countries located in that region and must refrain from continuing any activities that is responsible for destabilizing the particular region (Diansaee and Yurtaev 2017). Saudi Arabia has stated that it will contribute in the reconstruction process only when the nation has a new government and a new regime that aims at achieving stability. This would only assist in achieving stability and developing a means of understanding with all the components present within the Syrian society. This would not only help Syria in its rebuilding process but will also restore its relations with Saudi Arabia (Devarajan and Mottaghi 2016). Saudi Arabia plans to work together with Russia in the reconstruction process of Syria and bring together its fragmented position, leading it to political process as asserted by the Foreign Minister of Saudi Arabia, Adel al-Jubeir (Devarajan and Mottaghi 2016). The alignment of both the countries to restore Syria is evident from the fact that both the countries have agreed to safeguard the territorial integrity of Syria and state institutions. Both the countries have also agreed to the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries and they have affirmed the principle of territorial integrity. Saudi Arabia is said to have planned to restore the country beyond financial assistance (more detail). Role of India India has reported to be willing to dealing with significant reconstruction projects in Syria, which is evident from the fact that it has hosted senior Syrian officials to discuss about its proposals to assist the country in its reconstruction process. India has already renewed its commitment towards its pre-war projects, particularly the Tishreen Power plant project that can be perceived as the premier developmental undertaking of India in Syria. India has expressed its willingness to commence the project only if the Syria regime is willing to provide security guarantees for Indian people and the Indian companies. In fact, the security scenarios have been subjected to review to determine whether the project could be initiated any time in the future. India had already extended credit line to Syria for $100 million prior to the war but the project hauled when the war escalated (Chan and Lee 2016). Syria and India have always maintained friendly ties throughout the war period and the officials from both the countries have been travelling to each nation on business purpose. The Assad regime has invited India to take part in the reconstruction process though there are no immediate projects that could be commenced between both the countries. Syria has also sought larger role for the Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa (BRICS) in negotiations pertaining to the reconstruction and crisis efforts. Before the BRICS summit in Goa, there were ongoing ideas on the possibility of a proposal introduced by BRICS regarding providing fund in the reconstruction process of Syria pushed by India. Nevertheless, this proposal could not be implemented due to the deteriorating situation in Syria due to the civil war (Abdenur 2016). India has maintained a favorable relationship with the Syrian regime from both the historical as well as from a contemporary perspective. Syria has appreciated the manner in which BRICS have dealt with the crisis and has requested the countries to play a more active and constructive role in providing solution to the crisis. Although the country does not seem to have undertaken any immediate measure in providing crisis resolution immediately, it must strive to take an active part in the international negotiations for developing consensus with the global community. In the past years, India had participated in the UN sponsored Geneva II conference in 2014, wherein the Former Minister of External affairs Salman Khurshid had outlined the standpoint of the country against a military solution. The country had committed to contribute $4 million in humanitarian aid through the Kuwait International Conferences (Crawley and Skleparis 2018). Role of China Western powers are not willing to assist the country in rebuilding Syria post the civil war as it is assumed that these powers believe that the wrong side has won. Although Iran and Russia played a significant role in the outcome of the war, it is believed they are not willing to spend quarter-trillion dollars needed to reconstruct the country. However, Vice-President of China-Arab Exchange Association asserts that there is a growing opportunity in Syria. He states that the nation perceives huge interest among the Chinese companies as there is a huge business potential in the country, which requires to be entirely rebuilt (Cobain et al. 2016). Syria has expressed similar interest and enthusiasm in the willingness of China to contribute in the reconstruction process. The country is willing to usher in the Chinese companies with open arms as soon as possible to play an active role in its reconstruction process. The other western powers such as the United States and its Gulf and European allies that have played an important role in supporting the Syrian rebels, have been urging for immediate departure of Syrian leader as they believe he is incapable of stabilizing the country with no future plans,. However, China estimates that rebuilding Syria implies US$2 billion worth of investment during this stage. In fact, China has expressed that companies like China National Heavy Duty Truck Company have been attending Homs and Tartus, Damascus as the companies are aiming at initiating projects of reconstructing the country by constructing airports, hospitals, bridges, roads and restore communications and electricity (Chan and Lee 201 6). China asserts that these projects shall enable the country to stabilize and entering into reconstruction of this country is possible as it matches with Chinese strategy. This is because Syria already formed a fundamental connection on the Silk Road and the country is ready to embark on its most ambitious plan to build the multibillion-dollar Belt and Road Initiative as is expressed by President Xi Jinping. This project shall aim at paving a path for Chinese web of transportation links and trade all over Africa and Eurasia. Recently, the Chinese government hosted the First Trade Fair on Syrian Reconstruction Projects during which a Chinese-Arab business group declared a $2 billion commitment from the Chinese government for contributing in the industrial parks in Syria (Chan and Lee 2016). However, despite such magnificent planning, the Chinese Business has an obstacle that might impede the commencement of projects in Syria. The settlements in Euros and dollars are prohibited because of the EU and US sanctions to sever regime of Mr. Assad from the global economy. Nevertheless, this indicates that without compromising on the future of Mr. Assad, Syria is not likely to receive any assistance on its reconstruction for many coming years. In the words of Professor Robert Ford, former US Ambassador to Damascus stated that Syria requires billions of dollar for its rebuilding process while the projects and planning amount to hundreds of millions of dollars, which also implies that the country is not likely to receive immediate assistance (Speckhard, Shajkovci and Yayla 2017). Role of Iran Iran is also expected to play a significant role in reconstruction process of Syria. Iran asserted that it would reconstruct and rehabilitate electricity infrastructure in Deir Ezzor and Damascus due to which an Iranian company was awarded a contract to supply electricity to Aleppo.It is also stated that Iran has committed to build a power plant in Latakia Province. In 2017, the Iranian Reconstruction Authority in March has declared its plan to rehabilitate 55 schools in Aleppo province. The Governor of Aleppo, Hossein Diyab, stated that Iran was going to play a significant role in the reconstruction process in Syria as is evident from the Tehran development, which has initiated attempts in small-scale reconstruction (Scharf 2016). The Syrian Prime Minister assured the Iranian lawmakers who visited the country that Damascus will give more priority to the Iranian companies and, in addition, the companies shall be provided with incentives to participate in the reconstruction process and make investments in the Syrian market. According to reports, the participation of Iran in the reconstruction of Syria shall be assigned to Sepah, or the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps [IRGC] owing to the security situation in Syria (Patten 2015). The Sepah IRGC is the elite military force of Iran that is responsible for protecting the Islamic regime against external and internal threats. The guards formed the most powerful economic factor and strengthened their influence over political decisions. It operates on independently and significantly in sea, land and air forces. It is also noted that the Syrian government shall decide the extent to which Iran should participate in the reconstruction process of Syria and the initial work with respect to rebuilding in progress. The Syrian government has granted the IGRC companies with beneficial contracts on a non-bidding basis. For instance, one such beneficial contract that was signed between the Iranian and Syrian government was a contract to construct a mobile phone network in Syria that was awarded to the IRGC-affiliated Iranian Mobile Telecommunication Company, which formed an additional source of revenue for the military force of Iran (Patten 2015). Role of Russia Russians have been increasing their ties and presence with Syria sine soviet time. The regional developments over decades brought Syria closer to the Russians and the presence of the Russians have proved to be more influential in Syria compared to the Western nations. Russia has received a conditional pledge to extend support to Syria in its post-war reconstruction from Saudi King Salman Bin Abdulaziz Al Saud during his recent visit to the Kremlin as per the reports of high-diplomatic sources. Syrian government is willing to enhance exchange of trade with Russia and concentrate on development of suitable environment to attract investments for stabilizing the economy of the country. Syria has expressed its willingness to implement the projects settled by the Syrian-Russian joint government Committee for the enhancement of economic, trade and technical cooperation (Hoxha and Hanitzsch 2017). The Syrian government is grateful to the strong support that Russia has been extending to Syria to assist them in safeguarding the cultural and sovereignty identity. Russia is equally willing to assist Syria in rebuilding the country that has been destroyed by the terrorist activities in several services, economic and production fields. Russia has confirmed its willingness to secure economic cooperation with Syria by conducting regular conversation dealing with several ways to benefit from the investment opportunities and other facilities provided by the Syrian Government (Hinnebusch 2017). This is due to the previous declaration made by a Russian trade delegation in Damascus regarding the involvement of the Russian companies in Syrias post-war reconstruction. The particular visit by Russia paved the way for contracts worth $1 billion and the lately, the private security contractors have been appreciated for playing significant role in their combat operation relating to lucrative gas and oil contract. The Syrian government is reported to have invited the Russian companies to take an active part in the reconstruction process of the nation (Diansaee and Yurtaev 2017). The country aims at concentrating on the social, economic and cultural fields along with rehabilitation of the infrastructure. Russia has further asserted that it is willing to supply the Russian market with Syrian agricultural products on a regular basis and shall resume exportation of the Russian products to Syria. Moscow is said to be willing to play a significant role for Saudi Arabia and its Gulf partners as per the capability of these nations to provide legitimacy to the Syrian solution. Moscow believes that the solution provided to Syria should be such that lasts for long and provided the country with stability. Lately, there has been a strong disagreement between Russia and EU regarding the reconstruction of Syria post conflict. On one hand, Russia expressed its willingness to commence with the reconstruction project in Syria within a short period and expected the European Union to recover the expenses of reconstruction. On the other hand, the EU officials have stated that the destruction caused in Syria was the result of the armed operations of Russian forces. Russia held that the EU should be held responsible if it fails to identify that, it is necessary to support a program that is worth billion of Euros. The EU construed the statement made by Russia as an effort of the country to take advantage of the dilemma of EU over the refugee crisis in Syria. The EU states that Russia is reducing the flow of the Syrian refugees without coming into sight as the country responsible for preventing the Syrian seek refuge in another country, which would result in the incline of the Assads regime (Kfir 2015). However, it is clear that the political solution that will end the conflict shall have a deep and direct impact on any reconstruction plan, the international nations assisting in reconstruction, in particular. Presently, it has been observed that the country is not likely to receive any international contributors as long as Assad is in power for the transnational period and longer. However, this is not true in case of China and Russia. This is because Russia has been an ally to Syria, and China considers reconstruction of Syria as a significant investment. For instance, gulf monarchies like Qatar and Saudi Arabia along with Turkey have been demanding the departure of Assad, though Turkey has recently softened this demand owing to its increased alignment with Russia. Moscow is financially reluctant to take part in the reconstruction process and is encouraging the West, particularly Europe to take a leading role (Abuzayan, Whyte and Bell 2015). The only possible international donor see ms to be China, which is only willing to take part in the rebuilding of Syria if the political compromise guarantees stability in long-term which in reality, seems to be problematic, given the present situation of the country. Other sources of reconstruction Role of Banks as sources of Syrian reconstruction Several years of conflict have left the Syrian economy into ruins resulting in a decline in the domestic product by more than its half (Khalaf 2015). Although the government has succeeded in retaking the city of Aleppo, its financial decline has weakened the ability to exercise control over the country. The country was experiencing economic difficulties and the hike in water and natural gas prices made the situation worse (Hilhorst 2016). The country is on the threshold of a wheat crisis when Russia stepped in and assisted the country with wheat supply from last years wheat harvest. The country further lacks economic development strategy and the state-owned as well as 14 private banks have suffered economic losses during the war. The deposits in private commercial banks have pushed back from 13.8$bn in 2010 to $3.5bn in 2016 as per reports of World Bank. In regards to the financial assistance from the financial institutions, the World Bank has been supporting Syria through technical assistance before the commencement of the crisis and provided policy advice with respect to the human development, private sector development, environmental sustainability and social protection as well. The bank ceased its operational activities and missions to Syria due to the worse security situation in early 2011 (Jaafar and Woertz 2016). The bank is responding in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region to address the impact of the Syrian conflict on the neighboring countries like Jordan and Lebanon. The bank has conducted substantial work on the economic and social impact of the refugees in the neighboring countries to Syria. The World Bank has rapidly prepared reports to aid the countries hosting the Syrian refugees and have assembled substantial grant to fund countries assisting the Syrian refugees to assist them financially (Zeitoun 2017). The Bank has granted assistance of US $150 million to enable Jordan assist the adverse impact on Syrian crisis on the economy of Jordan. Additionally, the World Bank is leading with a wide range of International Financial Institutions [IFIs] with two new financing mechanisms under the MENA Financing Initiative. The first financing mechanism ensures that the nations affected by the Syrian war are provided with financial aid on concessional terms. The MENA countries like Lebanon and Jordan are middle-income countries, who are coping with large inflows of refugees despite having less accessibility to financial development on concessional terms (Weinthal, Zawahri and Sowers 2015). In 2013, the Bank has developed an emergency Services and Social Resilience Program [ESSRP] project that provides residence to refugees and meets the needs of urban centre of host countries that provides such residence of the Syrian refugees like Jordan. The bank has funded US$3 million for supporting 250000 refugees. Therefore, the World Bank mechanism combines the financial grants provided by the international nations along with the loans from Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) and endows the MENA countries loans on concessional terms to provide basic services to the refugee population like water, education and health. The second financing mechanism is to control guarantees from the supporting countries so that the World Bank may issue bonds to provide financial assistance for reconstruction projects and recovery projects in countries that are affected by the Syrian conflict. The bank stated that reconstruction expenses is estimated to be between $100 billion and $300 billion and there is hardly any chance that the reconstruction process shall take place unless a comprehensive political deal is cracked which seems to be difficult in the given situation (Moore and Pubantz 2017). Although Iran and Russia are expected to provide funds to the country in its rebuilding process, and consider the assistance as an investment, but they will not provide direct economic assistance on large scale except supplying oil through Tehran. However, the countries stand to obtain economical benefits from the deals with Syria. Role of agencies as sources of Syrian reconstruction Thousands of Syrians have forcibly left their home country and fled to neighboring countries since the commencement of the civil war in 2011, where majority of the refugees have been seeking shelter in host communities. Under such inconvenient and severe living circumstances, it required the international community to support such refugees on the grounds of humanity (Elamein et al. 2017). The prolonged crisis is likely to deprive the refugees of their right and opportunity to study which might result in significant loss of human resources that would have been useful in reconstructing Syrian Arab Republic post the civil war. Under such circumstances, the Japanese government declared in May 2016 that Japan would accept approximately 150 Syrian young people as students for five years with the objective of providing educational opportunities to Syrian youth who will make contribution to the Syrian reconstruction in the future. Accordingly, the Japan International cooperation Agency [JICA] developed a program that signified Japanese initiative for the future of the Syrian Refugees [JISR]. The program has been established in association with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for a maximum 100 Syrian refugees that are residing in neighboring countries to obtain Master degree at Japanese universities (Buchanan 2015). The objective of JISR is to extend support to the Syrian refugees who possess the potential to make contribution to the reconstruction of the Syria in the future, post the civil war. Apart from enabling the youths to study their Masters in the Japanese universities, the JISR further intends to encourage the Syrian individuals who possess potential to assist in the rebuilding process of Syria. This support provided to the Syrian youth shall encourage them further to rebuild the country and engage in peace building at the right time in the future. The agency also ensures that the youths while studying in Japan are not only encouraged to assist Syria in its rebuilding process but also comprehends the Japanese people while such youths stay in the neighboring country. Furthermore, the JISR program also aims at fortifying the mutual friendship between the Japan and Syria by encouraging the Syrian youths to comprehend the Japanese people, society and the system of the country (Stent 2016). The Syrian conflict has left the country into ruins and has caused significant human sufferings. The international community is said to be profoundly committed to work together in rebuilding Syrias future and securing them a peaceful nation (Telhami 2015). To that effect, the international community laid importance in maintaining an independent, sovereign, territorially and unitary integral nation where the Syrian refugees will be provided with security and safety. The international community aims at addressing immediate resilience and humanitarian needs within the country while supporting the efforts made by neighboring countries in hosting more than five million refugees, which is led, by efforts of German, Turkish and the EU. The hosting countries and other international participants who are ready to make their part of contribution in the rebuilding process of Syrian has been generous enough to pledge $6 billion in 2017 in addition to multi-year pledges of $3.73 billion for the year 2018-2020. Furthermore, humanitarian assistance is not sufficient to relieve the Syrian refugees from their sufferings unless there is a political solution negotiated between the Syrian parties. The permanent solution to end the prolong conflict in the nation is to undergo inclusive and genuine political transition in the country (Cobain et al. 2016). This can be achieved if the solution to the conflict is aimed at serving the need of the Syrian people by the democratic nations ensuring safety and security. Impact of foreign aid on people and local areas As international or foreign aid organizations are striving to use their money effectively to enable the country recover from the crisis, they consider the Syrian crisis to be the worst in the world. It caused millions to flee from their home country and the number of displaced people continues to increase with no assurance of the cessation of the conflict (Hubbard 2015). The post civil war has impacted over 12 million people residing in the nation where 3 million have been displaced in the neighboring countries and 7.6 million people displaced within the country (Kirk 2016). Refugee camps are being run by the foreign aid agencies to aid the refugees. CARE runs programs in the large camps located in Jordan where the Syrian refugees had sought shelter. Since the UN refugee organizations run camps based on formal registrations, the actual number of camps have been increasing with the continuous flow of refugees (Khalaf 2015). During winter, the aid groups face several challenges to provide water, food and sanitation services as well as winter clothing, mattresses and weatherized shelter to the refugees who are in need of such services. The United States Agency for International Development [USAID] and Government of Jordan [GOJ] have been in association to provide food, water, education, health and economic development to the Syrian refugees displaced in Jordan. The USAID has re-structured its existing programs to take into consideration the Syrian refugee crisis and has further provided financial assistance to lay emphasis on mental stress or trauma that has been caused to Syrian refugees. The US has been reached Syria to provide children less than 5 years with medical services with mobile teams have been engaged in supplying critical medical supplies to the Syrians (Lostal and Cunliffe 2016). The country has also provided additional funds to equip the trauma centers with the help of the local partners of IRC to provide critical emergency and care services to patients injured from bombs and gunfire. Further, the war has made it difficult for the girls and women of the nation to survive, in particular, as they bear the emotional and physical scars of the war. They are still being subjected to violence in the new communities or back at their homes in Syria. The IRC with the support from the US, reaches the Syrian women and girls with their social worker teams who travel to villages and places to determine the safety of women and girls. They also provide them with therapeutic services, critical support and care as well as conduct special programs for the teenagers. Despite such aid on the part of the foreign nationals including the neighboring countries, the country is going through a devastating situation. Since the hospitals and other medical institutions are being targeted, the repression campaign is costing the life of many people. according to the accounts or reports from the patients and the doctors, hospitals were subjected to strict monitoring and surveillance and that people are arrested and are persecuted inside the institutions. Even Doctors who are treating the injured are being labeled as enemies of the regime leading to their arrest, imprisonment, torture and death (Williams 2015). The economic and the social impact of the conflict are so substantial that foreign aid is not sufficient. Although the international agencies and humanitarian organizations are striving to extend their support to the people in need but the lack of accessibility of the vulnerable people and refugees to such aids such as food, water, clothing, health care system has become the most significant impediment to the rebuilding of the country (Chaziza 2016). Usually, Syria is not a major oil producer but it produced 370,000 barrels per day (Bpd) prior to the war, which amounted to 0.4 percent of the global supplies. It also exported less than 150,000 bpd primarily to Europe. Since the country lacks oil products, it is compelled to import them from abroad. However, severe decline in the oil receipts and the disturbance in trade have placed more pressure on the external balance of the country, which further resulted in the increasing exploitation of its international reserves. Coalition of interests of different countries and institutes Almost after seven years, the prolonged civil war is finally ending and the great and middle powers of the Middle East are looking forwards towards the reconstruction of Syrian. The leaders of Russia, Turkey and Iran attended a meeting in the Russian resort town, Sochi, to decide about the future of Syria. Russian has played a significant role in the Syrian conflict. In 2015, Russia went to Syria to support the country in defeating the ISIS terrorist group. It also prevented external powers like the Saudi Arabia and the US from pressuring Syria to set up a new government (Estrada, Khan and Park 2017). Russia insists to maintain territorial unity of Syria, however, it is not the only external power to support the country during the war, as Moscow also supported Assads regime with its air power. Iran supported the country by fighting the ISIS group on the ground along with its allied militias. Tehran wishes to institutionalize its presence in the nation and support the country to in its reconstruction process, which will also enable the country to maintain a physical contact with its primary regional supporter, Hezbollah. Russia is aware of the interests of the Iran and it seeks to maintain good relation with Iran. Moscow understands the security concerns of Israel in the presence of the armed Shiite groups close to the Israeli border and Moscow wishes to make use of the Russian Diaspora in Israel for its own technological, economic and financial benefit. Iran being a neighbor and a regional power offers numerous opportunities from nuclear energy to arms. Russia seems to enter into a compromise between Iran and Israel based on the legitimate interests of each other in the reconstruction process of Syria (Benmelech and Klor 2016). India is also willing to provide economic assistance in the reconstruction process of Syria based on the legitimate interests associated with the project Damascus that has commenced in Syria. Syria, In return, promises to expand the project in majority cities of Syria. This will commence after the country is freed from the terror group ISIS and al-Nusra along with other relevant anti-social groups. Besides, Syria believes that India has already been a victim of terror attacks, which makes the country, extends more support to Syria to fight against the peril (Singh 2017). Further, India and Syria both are aware of the after-effects of terror attacks very intimately. Therefore, it is only obvious that both the nations work together towards developing a genuine coalition to combat terrorism (Harrowell 2016). In fact, Assad asserted that India has been one of the countries apart from Russia and Iran that has been extending full support to Syrian as per the International Law and the UN Charter. The country has been independent in its decision to stand by Assads regime despite being pressurized by other nations to end all ties with Syria. Example of reconstruction in the past: Reconstruction of Iraq During the reconstruction process of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Turkey and Kuwait were among t several other countries that have promised to provide economic assistance in the form of direct investment and loans to assist the country in its rebuilding process. Iraq needed an estimated amount of $ 88.2bn to attain its goals and objectives out of which $22bn was need immediately (Singh 2017). The reconstruction process of Iraq was being discussed in a conference located in Kuwait, where the EU, World Bank, UN collected funds from non-state actors, state actors and even from the private investors. Similar to the war like Syria, Iraq had to fight against ISIS group that had destroyed hospitals, schools and homes of the country and the country aimed at rebuild its demolished infrastructure and adversely affected economy. Kuwait pledged $2bn in the forms of investments and loans and Saudi Arabia promised it would provide $1.5 bn. Qatar pledged $1bn whereas Turkey vowed to assist Iraq with $5bn as an economic assistance. The only difference between the post-war conditions in Iraq and Syria is that the destruction is more severe than the condition of Iraq and rebuilding expenses is comparatively higher than that of Iraq (Scharf 2016). Further, gulf countries like Saudi Arabia and Western countries like USA, have placed a condition of removing Assads regime and set up a new government and only then the countries would extend their economic assistance. Challenges and Possibilities in Reconstruction of Syria The main challenges in the reconstructing efforts and rebuilding the future of Syria include the existence of political tyranny and the incline in compromises between the countries, which further leads to increase in power suppression (Wille 2016). Secondly, the political oppression was the sole reason for social moment and during the war, the political oppression that was prevailing prior to the commencement of the war led to political fundamentalism and political tyranny. These external and internal powers have abused their authority and infringed all social and human rights, which shall impede reconstruction process that is required to address the Syrian destructive post-war consequences. Thirdly, President Assads regime shall seek to control any reconstruction effort and such funds shall be used up in restoring the control of the regime instead of using it for reconstructing infrastructures and helping the victims. There is also evidence stating that Assads regime has appropriated humanitarian assistance over the last few years (Patten 2015). Fourthly, the dozen of millions of dollars that is required for the physical reconstruction of Syria is not available. Countries like USA and Saudi Arabia are reluctant to contribute in Syria unless the country throws down Assads regime. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be inferred that Syria presents a highly difficult and uncertain environment to even achieve any foreign policy objective, let alone something as exigent as rebuilding the country for long-term stability. Syria is raising questions pertaining to stabilization which would require the country to engage new actors including the regional donors and private sector investors (Sterio 2015). Inclusive and legitimate institutions may create an environment to draw attention of external funding and utilize the funding in accordance to the priorities of the Syrians. The participation of Syria in the funding process shall reduce the expenses and enhance the benefits for the country, also lessening the burden of dependence solely on the external funding sources. As mentioned before, countries like China, India are considering assisting Syria in its reconstruction process would mainly be investments, owing to the opportunities developed from the destruction of the country. However, if the political oppression and the conflicting economy of the country are to be considered, it can be stated that with the continuance of such political restlessness and conflicting economy, it would not draw attention of the foreign investors to invest in the country under such circumstances. This is because the destruction shall develop significant opportunities for such investors irrespective of the sustainability, justice and inclusivity. Thus, under such circumstances, the participation of the Syrian society shall minimize and there will be an increase in inequality as more elites grab the opportunities (Chan and Lee 2016). 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